Arts Education & Physical Education (Peer-reviewed publications)

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Health and wellbeing in an outdoor and adventure sports context
(MDPI, 2020-04-14) Allan, John; Hardwell, Ashley; Kay, Chris; Peacock, Suzanne; Hart, Melissa; Dillon, Michelle; Brymer, Eric
While the world responds to the latest health issue, it is perhaps timely that we think broadly about human and planetary health and wellbeing. Across the globe, there is a call for a different future, one that prioritises wellbeing. Even before the COVID-19 crisis, governments such as those in Bhutan, Wales and New Zealand had recognised the importance of wellbeing and working within natural systems. Ultimately, human beings are a part of nature, and our health and wellbeing depend on the health and wellbeing of our planet’s ecosystems. This book explores how an important emerging sector, adventure and outdoor sports, plays a part in providing for the health and wellbeing of people in relation to the natural world. From a human perspective, health involves more than managing disease: it includes the potential for optimum wellbeing and flourishing. Globally, there are still challenges that require focused attention. For example, in 2010, mental illness and substance abuse combined were the leading cause of non-fatal illness worldwide, and the fifth-biggest cause of death and disease. In September 2015, the United Nations recognised mental health and wellbeing as priorities within the global development agenda. The natural environment has been presented as an important aspect of the global health improvement plan. The last two decades have witnessed a plethora of research from a vast array of fields—including public health, ecology, geography, forestry, psychology, education, sport science and psychiatry—suggesting that physical activity in nature and a feeling of being part of nature enhance health and wellbeing. The relationship between being in nature and good health and wellbeing is recognised anecdotally, and research evidence on outcomes is growing. However, theoretical approaches that can support the interpretation of findings and the design of interventions and experiences are still developing. Research is beginning to consider the importance of individual differences, such as in feelings of connection to nature and the person–environment relationship. Outdoor and adventure sports and activities (from forest schools to extreme sports and more) are, potentially, ideal examples of physical activity in nature, and are perhaps best placed to reconnect people to the natural world. For this manuscript, we adopted a broad definition of sport, including the dimensions of self-development and recreation. Specifically, sports are considered to be multi-faceted, boundary-crossing activities, which do not necessarily involve structured competitive activity, regulated performance environments, rules or institutions. This manuscript brings together cutting-edge research and thought on the role of outdoor and adventure activities in enhancing mental health and psychological wellbeing. We are very grateful for the foresight of Mark Robinson and Carnegie Great Outdoors for their support in ensuring the publication of this collection.
‘The golf course doesn’t know what gender you are’: feminist perspectives in the online blog of a female professional golfer
(Routledge, 2022-09) Kitching, Niamh; Bowes, Ali; MacLaren, Meghan
Many female athletes are using online platforms to control their own portrayals, and such representations have been examined mostly through neoliberal and postfeminist perspectives, which position female athletes as responsible for their own self-promotion, visibility, success and failure. This paper seeks to employ these and other feminist frameworks in exploring how professional golfer Meghan MacLaren uses her online blog to respond to gender inequality in her profession. Using a myriad of feminist perspectives, the authors discuss the cultural/media conditions through which MacLaren writes her blog, the individual or collective nature of MacLaren’s activism, and the significance of binary outlooks in her blog. Along with shedding light on the contemporary gender politics operating in professional women’s sport, this paper illustrates the synthesis of perspectives that exist when closely examining the voices and choices of one female professional athlete.
“Didn’t know she could shout that loud”: the performance of fandom among women followers of women’s golf
(2022-06-20) Kitching, Niamh; Bowes, Ali; Whigham, Stuart; Bairner, Alan
While a growing body of evidence exists around women fans of men’s sport, less is known about women fans’ perspectives and identities in relation to women’s sport, and what is known tends to focus on homogenous representations of sports fans, rather than a diversity of fan types and follower styles (Pope 2017). Building on the authors’ previous appraisals of the Solheim Cup – the biggest event in women’s golf – this paper examines fan performances of women at the 2019 event in Scotland. Twenty-five white women from the UK/Europe were recruited via social media before, during and after the Solheim Cup, with online interviews taking place in the following days. Using performative sports fandom as a framework the authors seek to examine women fan performances at a major women’s sporting event. The analysis of the interviews resulted in three themes around (1) friendship, care, and connection, (2) negotiated fan performances and (3) distinctive fan performances. While it must be acknowledged that this is a homogenous group of fans, it is hoped that this research will add to the understanding of the diversity and complexity of fan identities.
A case for change in how we refer to dual career athletes: a person first approach (Pre published)
(Routledge, 2021-10-21) Geary, Marion; Kitching, Niamh; Campbell, Mark; Houghton, Frank
Rationale/Purpose: Dual Career Athletes (DCA) combine education, training, or work with a sporting career within broader sports management and educational environments. A holistic approach embraces the DCA as a “person first, athlete second”. This study examines the literature regarding DCA stereotype, labelling, identity, and wellbeing, and proposes a change in how we refer to DCAs, to person(s) engaging in dual career (PEDC). Design/methodology/approach: Using social identity theory (SIT) and self categorisation theory (SCT) we discuss the use of person-first language regarding PEDCs. Three key areas are considered; PEDC stereotype; PEDC identity development and PEDC wellbeing within their sporting and educational environments. Findings: PEDCs can adopt unidimensional athletic identities and experience stereotype with potentially negative implications for DC. PEDCs face challenges impacting wellbeing, exacerbated by narrow identity development and stereotype with low tendencies for help seeking. Labels can act as cues in stereotype and identity formation and wellbeing promotion. Practical Implications: It is proposed that the term PEDC should be adopted by researchers, those involved in sports management structures, academic personnel within educational institutions, parents and peers. Research contribution: : The study supports the holistic, person first approach to DC and proposes a change in how we refer to people engaging in DC.
'Top of the tree': examining the print news portrayal of the world's best female amateur golfer during her transition to professional golf (Pre-published)
(Cork University Press, 2020-05-20) Kitching, Niamh; Bowes, Ali
Sport occupies a central position in Irish social and cultural life, yet has been relatively marginal within the academy. Significant research has been undertaken by individual scholars, and various important books have been published recently – for example Paul Rouse’s Sport and Ireland; Mike Cronin et al.’s The GAA: A People’s History; and Conor Curran’s Irish Soccer Migrants. However, there are currently no collections or monographs devoted to the interrelationships between sport and media in an Irish context. This collection of essays redresses this gap. Drawing together scholars from across the humanities and social sciences, it argues that sport and sport media offer an invaluable lens through which to examine social and cultural change and continuity in Ireland. Chapters vary in focus from debates about sports broadcasting rights and the futures and interrelationships of national organisations like the GAA and RTÉ; to academic and journalist perspectives on women, media and sport in Ireland; to sport’s representation in television and advertising. Chapters focusing on ‘northern’ emigrant footballers George Best, James McClean and Charlie O’Hagan, ‘second generation’ Irish fans of Irish sport media in Britain, and Irish fans of British based sport media highlight the roles of sport in the complexities of ‘Irish’ identity and its interplay with ‘British’ identity. In addition to examining the current ‘state of play’ of sports research in Ireland, our intention is that this book will become a key resource for future scholarship.
'Write when it hurts. Then write till it doesn’t’: athlete voice and the lived realities of one female professional athlete (Pre-published)
(2020-11-21) Kitching, Niamh; Bowes, Ali; MacLaren, Meghan
Digital media has played a central role in promoting women’s sport, where female athletes are increasingly using online platforms to control their own representations and challenge male dominated sporting institutions. Alternatively, some commentators claim that female athletes’ use of digital media contributes to patriarchal practices in sport, where through self-promotion and image building they do little to advance representations of women’s sport. This paper interrogates these ideas, adopting a postfeminist sensibility and collaborative research approach to examine the online self-representations of a female athlete and blogger. The athlete in question is Meghan MacLaren, a professional golfer on the Ladies’ European Tour who documents her life as a professional athlete through her online blog. Primarily, the authors present a critical analysis of MacLaren’s blog posts over a period of three years, from MacLaren turning professional to the present day. This initial analysis prompted a series of questions around MacLaren’s blogging and self-representations, which the authors then posed directly to her, and Meghan was invited to respond in her own voice. Using a collaborative approach with MacLaren as co-author, this paper seeks to draw attention to the diverging realities of a female professional athlete fulfilling dichotomous identities as a simultaneously trusting and doubting golf performer on the course and a self-appointed athlete activist online, all the while operating in, and influenced by the patriarchal and capitalist cultural environment of golf.
Selling Scotland? Selling women’s golf? The 2019 Solheim Cup in the ‘Home of Golf’ (Pre-published)
(Routledge, 2021-07-10) Whigham, Stuart; Bowes, Ali; Kitching, Niamh; Bairner, Alan
In 2019, Scotland played host to the Solheim Cup, a competition contested by leading women professional golfers representing Europe and the United States. The event was given further political significance by the fact that it took place in the same year as the United Kingdom left the European Union against the wishes of the majority of Scots who had voted in the 2016 referendum on EU membership. This paper examines the significance of the 2019 Solheim Cup with specific reference to the quasi-mythical status of golf in Scotland and the use of sports events by the Scottish Government and the organisation responsible for Scotland’s tourism strategy, VisitScotland, to enhance the country’s image and attract visitors, particularly from overseas. Initially, discussion focuses on the historical roots of golf in Scotland, and its quasi-mythical claim to be the ‘Home of Golf’, a key motif in the nation’s sports tourism strategy. Attention then turns to a critical examination of contemporary sport tourism policy in Scotland, focusing upon the nation’s use of international sporting events as part of this broader strategy. To this end, we scrutinise the discursive strategies used by Scottish politicians and policymakers in relation to the 2019 Solheim Cup, exploring the extent to which the event effectively tackled the explicit goals of: a) promoting Scottish values; b) demonstrating the nation’s capabilities for hosting sporting events; c) cementing Scotland’s reputation as the home of golf; and, d) tackling socio-economic and gendered inequalities with regards to golf participation in Scotland.
The Solheim Cup: media representations of golf, gender and national identity (Pre-published)
(Emerald publishing, 2021-11-29) Bowes, Ali; Kitching, Niamh
The increasing inclusion of women in sport has been mediated by societal gendered expectations. It is an oft-cited notion that sport is “an institution created by and for men” (Messner and Sabo, 1990: 9), and sport is subsequently inherently rooted in assumptions of hegemonic forms of masculinity (Connell, 1987). This has historically made women’s involvement in most sports problematic, constrained by gender norms and medical myths which symbolically rendered them unsuitable for participation in sport. Unsurprisingly, female golfers have struggled for equality in a golf culture that, like most sports, is “widely regarded as male dominated and exclusionary” (Kitching, 2017: 404). Reis and Correia (2013: 324) highlight that the sport has a “cultural tradition of for-gentlemen-only-clubs that has excluded women from clubhouses and from practising golf”. Despite women’s involvement in the sport dating back to the sixteenth century, women were often symbolically excluded from golf; they could play, but not with the same freedom or flexibility as men. Where they were excluded from full membership and playing rights, women were forced to form ladies’ sections, initiated by the St. Andrews Ladies’ Golf Club in 1867 (George, 2009), and subsequently women’s golf developed independently from the men’s game, with the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) forming in 1950 and the Ladies European Tour (LET) in 1978. Scholars have highlighted several women throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that learned and played the sport, and subsequently excelled as golfers, challenging the male hegemony of the game (George, 2009; Reis and Correia, 2013). Whilst feminist commentators have highlighted sport as a “fundamentally sexist institution that is male dominated and masculine in orientation” (Theberge, 1981: 342), women have continued to engage with sport as both athletes and spectators. In the twenty-first century, Messner and Cooky (2018) highlight a gender transformation in the USA, noting that millions of girls are taking up sports such as football and basketball, and largely attribute this to shifts in the cultural expectation for and acceptance of girls’ athleticism. In a UK context, Velija and Malcolm (2009: 629) claim that “it is widely accepted that there are now more opportunities for females to be involved in sports than ever before”. However, in golf - whilst acknowledged as one of the most successful (and lucrative) professional sports organisations for women - it has been noted by Kitching (2017) that exclusionary practices continue to impact the modern game, where women still struggle for equality of access, participation, employment and decision making in golf. Female golfers are widely perceived as inferior to their male counterparts in driving distance, which is frequently used to frame women as less able golfers (McGinnis et al., 2005). Despite this, women continue to progress in the professional game, with increasing prize funds for the 2020 season on both the LPGA and the LET. The pinnacle of the game however, golf’s mega-event for women, is considered to be the Solheim Cup. The Solheim Cup, a women’s professional golf tournament, was founded in 1990 by Karsten Solheim as a replica of the men’s Ryder Cup, a biennial team golf tournament pitting 12 Americans against 12 Europeans in match-play format. Whilst not always the case, the current structure of the two events are exactly the same: the first two days involves players from each team competing in fourballs and foursomes matches, followed by a day of singles matches on the third and final day. The Ryder Cup has been claimed to be one of the most important and prestigious events in international sport. Dating back to 1926, it is considered “the oldest competition of nations in professional golf, involving the two golf superpowers: the United States and Europe” (Kali, Pastoriza & Plante, 2017: 102). Kali et al. (2017: 104) indicate that ”the halo of prestige surrounding the Ryder Cup derives not only from being the oldest competition of nations in professional golf and including most of the best professional golfers in the world, but also from the fact that no prize money is awarded for wining it”. The same is true for the Solheim Cup. Similarly, the Solheim Cup, co-ran by the LET and the LPGA, is subsequently considered to be the pinnacle of professional women’s golf, and female golf’s only ‘mega-event’. Marketed as the biggest rivalry in women’s golf, the Solheim Cup was first staged in Florida in 1990, and prior to the 2019 version has been dominated by the United States 10-5. In September 2019, the sixteenth edition of the event was held at the self-proclaimed home of golf, Gleneagles in Scotland, nineteen years since the country last hosted the event and five years after the venue hosted the 2014 edition of the Ryder Cup. The first part of this chapter will critically discuss the tournament, in relation to literature on golf and national identity, and media coverage of sport and national identity, with a specific nod to work on women’s sport and national identity. The second part of the chapter presents data collected from the British print media during the tournament, which will be analysed using a critical feminist framework to understand how female athletes are represented in women golf’s only mega-event.
Women, war and sport: the battle of the 2019 Solheim Cup (Pre-published)
(Taylor and Francis, 2021-05-29) Bowes, Ali; Bairner, Alan; Whigham, Stuart; Kitching, Niamh
One of the most significant and/or prevalent symbols of nationhood is to be found in the international (men’s) sporting arena. Sport is often imbued with notions of national identity and war, although the sport of golf is generally devoid of flags and nationalistic tendencies and is thus often considered relatively insignificant in inculcating national sentiments – except in the exceptional cases of team golf events such as the Solheim Cup. This paper considers the way in which the competitors in the 2019 Solheim Cup were represented in the British print media. Results highlights that national identity is a key descriptor of the female competitors, legitimising their position in the battlefield of international sport. We conclude that, in an era of increasing significance of women’s sport, there exists an ideological space for women to be seen as ‘proxy warriors’ in sport.
Online activism and athlete advocacy in professional women’s golf: risk or reward? (Pre-published)
(Routledge, 2021-12-10) Kitching, Niamh; Bowes, Ali; MacLaren, Meghan
Whilst golf provides an avenue by which women can play professionally, more men have the opportunity to do so and when they do, they make more money than women. In terms of visibility, endorsements, prize money and media coverage, women golfers lag behind their male counterparts. Meghan MacLaren is a professional golfer on the Ladies European Tour and whilst competing, simultaneously documents her life as a professional athlete through her online blog, much of which intertwines her career trajectory alongside the inequality she faces. MacLaren’s posts advocate increased pay and opportunity in professional women’s golf and have coincided with a period of progressive policies in women’s professional golf, including mixed gender events and increased prize money. Building on other collaborations, this chapter considers the potential for athlete activism to stimulate change in professional golf. A truncated analysis of MacLaren’s online posts is initially presented, prompting questions around female athlete advocacy and activism, which were posed directly to her. Using a collaborative approach, MacLaren responds in her own writing, contributing as a co-author. The resultant discussion considers the risks and rewards and the social and economic implications for female protagonists who speak out in male-dominated arenas such as professional sport.
'Battle of the Sixes': investigating print media representations of female professional golfers competing in a men's tour event (Pre published)
(SAGE Publications, 2019-04-14) Kitching, Niamh; Bowes, Ali
In May 2018, the men’s European Tour invited five female professional golfers to compete in its GolfSixes event in England, against 27 professional male players. This was significant, particularly given the female struggle for equality of access, participation, employment and decision making in golf settings. This research investigates the print media representation of these five female professional golfers competing in this male domain. Using the Nexis database, data were collected from print newspapers in the United Kingdom and Ireland over six days before, during and after the event. Following thematic analysis, findings highlight a double-edged sword with regard to media coverage of female athletes competing against men: women received greater media coverage when in the male sport spotlight, but the coverage was framed by gendered discourses. The results document a slow shift towards more equal and equitable print media coverage of female athletes, whilst drawing attention to the problematic ways in which sportswomen are represented.
"Our wee country": national identity, golf and ‘Ireland’ (Pre published)
(Routledge, 2019-03-19) Liston, Katie; Kitching, Niamh
The careers of professional golfers offer a noteworthy opportunity to examine the ways in which national identity is imagined, constructed and experienced. This paper examines the nexus of national identity and golf in ‘Ireland’, and more particularly, Rory McIlroy’s public statements on the identity politics surrounding his country of choice for the 2016 Olympic Games. In so doing, it reveals aspects of McIlroy’s personal and sporting habitus, the value he associated with being ‘Irish’, his legitimization of Northern Ireland (NI), and the possible effect of his decision on others’ orientation towards his sporting identity on the island of Ireland. Given the current political instability in NI, it remains to be seen whether McIlroy’s talent as a golfer and his transnational social status will translate into him being a powerful cultural intermediary for sport in/and NI.
Shifting hegemony in a "man's world": incremental change for female golf professional employment (Pre-published)
(Routledge, 2017-02-08) Kitching, Niamh; Grix, Jonathan; Phillpotts, Lesley
There is much evidence to suggest that the golf environment is unequal in terms of gender. This study examines female golf professionals’ understanding of the barriers and opportunities to employment in the golf industry. Data was collected through a series of focus groups, interviews [n = 17] and a survey [n=95] with female PGA Professionals and trainee PGA Professionals in Great Britain and Ireland, over half of whom indicated coaching as their primary employment role. At the time of data collection female PGA golf professionals made up 2.75% of all PGA Professionals in Britain and Ireland. The data revealed some clear differences between older and younger respondents on barriers to, and opportunities for, employment in the golf industry. On the whole, younger professionals appeared more willing to challenge, discuss and confront the underlying discrimination. The results suggest that golf is undergoing an incremental change away from male hegemony.
Women in golf: a critical reflection (Pre-published)
(Routledge, 2017) Kitching, Niamh
Accumulated versus continuous exercise for health benefit: a review of empirical studies (Pre-published version)
(Springer Nature, 2009) Murtagh, Elaine; Murphy, Marie H.; Blair, Steven N.
Current physical activity guidelines endorse the notion that the recommended amount of daily physical activity can be accumulated in short bouts performed over the course of a day. Although intuitively appealing, the evidence for the efficacy of accumulated exercise is not plentiful. The purpose of this review was to compare the effects of similar amounts of exercise performed in either one continuous or two or more accumulated bouts on a range of health outcomes. Sixteen studies met the selection criteria for inclusion in the review, in which at least one outcome known to affect health was measured before and after continuous and accumulated exercise training interventions. Where improvements in cardiovascular fitness were noted, most studies reported no difference in the alterations between accumulated and continuous patterns of exercise. In the few studies where a normalization of blood pressure was observed from baseline to post-intervention, there appear to be no differences between accumulated and continuous exercise in the magnitude of this effect. For other health outcomes such as adiposity, blood lipids and psychological well-being, there is insufficient evidence to determine whether accumulated exercise is as effective as the more traditional continuous approach. Seven short-term studies in which at least one health-related outcome was measured during the 0- to 48-hour period after a single continuous bout of exercise and a number of short bouts of equivalent total duration were included in the review. Many of the studies of such short-term effects considered the plasma triglyceride response to a meal following either accumulated short or continuous bouts of exercise. Collectively, these studies suggest that accumulated exercise may be as effective at reducing postprandial lipaemia. Further research is required to determine if even shorter bouts of accumulated exercise (<10 minutes) confer a health benefit and whether an accumulated approach to physical activity increases adherence among the sedentary population at whom this pattern of exercise is targeted.
The effect of walking on fitness, fatness and resting blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomised, controlled trials (Pre-published version)
(Elsevier, 2007) Murtagh, Elaine; Murphy, Marie H.; Nevill, Alan M.; Holder, Roger L.
Objective. The purpose of this review was to perform a meta-analysis on walking intervention studies in order to quantify the magnitude and direction of walking-induced changes that may alter selected cardiovascular risk factors. Method. Twenty-four randomised controlled trials of walking were assessed for quality on a three-point scale. Data from these studies were pooled and treatment effects (TEs) were calculated for six traditional cardiovascular risk variables: body weight, body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat, aerobic fitness (VO2 max in ml kg−1 min−1) and resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Weighted TEs were analysed using a random effects model with weights obtained using the inverse of the individual TE variances. Random effects models were used to investigate the influence of both study quality and exercise volume (<150 vs. 150 min week−1). Results. Random effects modelling showed that walking interventions increased VO2 max and decreased body weight, BMI, percent body fat and resting diastolic blood pressure in previously sedentary adults (p<0.05 for all). Conclusion. The results of this study provide evidence that healthy but sedentary individuals who take up a programme of regular brisk walking improves several known risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
“The next level”: Investigating teaching and learning within an Irish traditional music online community (Pre-published version)
(Sage, 2013) Kenny, Ailbhe
Online music communities offer a new context and culture for musical participation globally. This article, employing a socio-cultural theoretical lens, examines how the Online Academy of Irish Music (OAIM) functions as a teaching and learning online community for Irish traditional music. Findings from qualitative case study research present observations of practice from the OAIM website, forums, video tutorials, and Facebook posts over a 9-month period. In addition to these collective insights, findings from participant logs and interviews with the tutors offer individual insights into the online case study. Questions are posed regarding the pedagogy of e-learning, the development of a “shared practice” and the influence of roles and relationships within the community. The online medium of interaction raises important issues for the growing technological culture of music teaching and learning and the study seeks to understand this new context for musical participation.
How can pre-service primary teachers' perspectives contribute to a pedagogy that problematises the ‘practical’ in teacher education? (Pre-published version)
(Taylor & Francis [Routledge], 2013) Ní Chróinín, Déirdre; Mitchell, Eamonn; Kenny, Ailbhe; Murtagh, Elaine; Vaughan, Elaine Claire
This study examined pre-service primary teachers’ perspectives on teaching and learning experiences within college-based courses in ‘practical’ subject areas within a teacher education programme. Following three individual lectures (one each in art, music and physical education), pre-service teachers (n-11) participated in focus group interviews sharing their perspectives on the teaching and learning experiences. These data were analysed thematically and supported by teacher educators’ (n-3) planning and reflection documentation. Although the problematic nature of the ‘practical’ suggests appeal and peril of the ‘practical’, the important nature of negotiating the ‘practical’ to enhance student learning is apparent. Students emphasised the value of practical engagement and expressed a strong preference for working in groups to create a safe learning environment to develop confidence and competence. These insights suggest key aspects of a pedagogy of teacher education in these ‘practical’ areas. The importance of being aware of and, in some cases, challenging student perspectives on how they learn best in these curricular areas is discussed.
Developing deeper understanding of teacher education practice through accessing and responding to pre-service teacher engagement with their learning (Pre-published version)
(Taylor & Francis [Routledge], 2018) Ní Chróinín, Déirdre; Fletcher, Tim; O'Sullivan, Mary
In this research we examined the ways we accessed and responded to students’ engagement with a set of pedagogical principles of teacher education focused on meaningful physical education. The research was cross-cultural, taking place in universities in Country 1 and Country 2. Self-study of teacher education practice (S-STEP) methodology guided collection and analysis of the following data over one year: lesson planning and reflection documents, and critical friend and ‘meta-critical friend’ interactions. Findings indicate the value in teacher educators becoming more intentional and systematic in how they access student perspectives related to engagement with learning experiences of pedagogical innovations in pre-service teacher education, while also emphasising the challenges in doing so. The concepts of reflection on- and in-action provided a framework for understanding how being more intentional about accessing student perspectives can be enacted in teacher education practice. Our experiences demonstrate how focusing on student engagement can support the professional learning of teacher educators through enabling a deeper understanding of the challenges faced in being responsive to students’ engagement with their learning.
Snapshots: teacher educator professional learning shaping teacher educator practices
(S-STEP, 2016) Ní Chróinín, Déirdre; Parker, Melissa; Coulter, Maura; Walsh, Ciaran; McFlynn, Paul

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